Authenticity discrimination of Pulsatillae Radix based on dry-process REIMS fingerprinting combined with machine learning / 中国中药杂志

In this study, rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry(REIMS) fingerprints of 388 samples of roots of Pulsatilla chinensis(PC) and its common counterfeits, roots of P. cernua and roots of Anemone tomentosa were analyzed based on REIMS combined with machine learning. The samples were determined by REIMS through dry burning, and the REIMS data underwent cluster analysis, similarity analysis(SA), and principal component analysis(PCA). After dimensionality reduction by PCA, the data were analyzed by similarity analysis and self-organizating map(SOM), followed by modeling. The results indicated that the REIMS fingerprints of the samples showed the characteristics of variety differences and the SOM model could accurately distinguish PC, P. cernua, and A. tomentosa. REIMS combined with machine learning algorithm has a broad application prospect in the field of traditional Chinese medicine.

Transcriptomic analysis in Anemone flaccida rhizomes reveals ancillary pathway for triterpene saponins biosynthesis and differential responsiveness to phytohormones / 中国天然药物

Anemone flaccida Fr. Schmidt is a perennial medicinal herb that contains pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins as the major bioactive constituents. In China, the rhizomes are used as treatments for a variety of ailments including arthritis. However, yields of the saponins are low, and little is known about the plant's genetic background or phytohormonal responsiveness. Using one-quarter of the 454 pyrosequencing information from the Roche GS FLX Titanium platform, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to identify 157 genes putatively encoding 26 enzymes involved in the synthesis of the bioactive compounds. It was revealed that there are two biosynthetic pathways of triterpene saponins in A. flaccida. One pathway depends on β-amyrin synthase and is similar to that found in other plants. The second, subsidiary ("backburner") pathway is catalyzed by camelliol C synthase and yields β-amyrin as minor byproduct. Both pathways used cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (CYPs) and family 1 uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) to modify the triterpenoid backbone. The expression of CYPs and UGTs were quite different in roots treated with the phytohormones methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid and indole-3-acetic acid. This study provides the first large-scale transcriptional dataset for the biosynthetic pathways of triterpene saponins and their phytohormonal responsiveness in the genus Anemone.

Research progress of studies on chemical constituents and biologic activities of Anemone species / 中国中药杂志

Anemone is an important genus which was distributed widely and used to folk medicines in China. It is rich of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins,and more than 100 kinds of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins had been isolated and identified. Anemone has been used to treat punch injury and rheumatoid arthritis. This article reviews the latest research progress of Anemone decoction from two aspects: chemical constituents and pharmacological. It will provide reference for further research and development of Anemone.

Coumarins of Anemone raddeana Regel and their biological activity / 药学学报

To study the coumarins of Anemone raddeana Regel, the compounds were separated by silica gel column chromatography and HPLC. Their structures were identified by their physicochemical property and spectral analysis. Two new compounds were isolated and identified as 4, 7-dimethoxyl-5-methyl-6-hydroxy coumarin (1) and 4, 7-dimethoxyl-5-formyl-6-hydroxycoumarin (2). The bioassays indicated that compounds 1 and 2 could significantly inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell, and showed the agonist effect on the transactivity of retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARalpha). In addition, the two compounds had inhibitory effect against human leukocyte elastase (HLE).

Chemical and Biological Characterization of a Crude Venom Extract from the Sea Anemone-Bunodosoma Aavernata

Background: Sea-anemones; in common with other members of the phylum cnidaria (coelenterate) possess numerous tentacles containing specialized stinging cells of cnido-cysts. Our main objective is to elucidate the chemical character and biological properties of this Nigerian species of sea anemone Bunodosoma cavernata with a view to providing investigators a scientific basis for future research. Methods: The Nigerian species of sea anemone-Bunodosoma cavernata were collected at Opuaduakiri fishing port in Bonny town; Rivers State; Nigeria. The animal extract was prepared according to standard procedure. The protein content of the extract and percentage protein in the whole animal were also estimated following standard methods. Other biochemical constituents of the animal estimated were the total lipids; carbohydrate; moisture and the mineral content. The stability of the extract and an arbitrary unit of biological activity of the extract were also determined. Results: From the results; the protein content of the crude extract was 0.5 mg protein/ml for a 10-fold diluted extract; while the percentage total protein was about 39.4. The percentage lipid was about 14.9while carbohydrate was probably absent. The moisture content was about 95.7with about 3.4mineral content. The extracts prepared from fresh animals showed the highest activity or potency while the freeze-dried extract lost their potency after about 6 months storage. The result showed that the bulk of the animal was water with very low mineral content. On the biochemical constituents; protein level was the highest and the animal was probably devoid of carbohydrates. Conclusion: We conclude that the anemone (B. cavernata) extract is probably highly toxic and it is very likely that the difficulty in storage which resulted in loss of its biological activities was due to the proteinaeceous nature of the animal

Studies on chemical constituents from rhizome of Anemone flaccida / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents from Anemone flaccida.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Chemical constituents were isolated by repeated column chromatography (silica gel, Toyopearl HW-40C and preparative HPLC). The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data analysis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Twelve triterpenes were isolated and their structures were identified as follow: oleanolic acid (1), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-xylopyranoside (2), eleutheroside K (3), oleanolic acid 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-xylopyranoside (4), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinofurnoside (5), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccuronopyranose (6), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccuronopyranose methyl ester (7), oleanolic acid 28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->4)-beta-D-glccopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glccopyranosyl (8), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccuronopyranose 28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glccopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glccopyranoside (9), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccopyranosyl methyl ester 28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glccopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glccopyranoside (10), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glccopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glccopyranoside (11), oleanolic acid 3-O-alpha-L-rh-amnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyrnosyl-28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glccopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glccopyranoside (12).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>compounds 5-8, 10, 12 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Compounds 2, 5 and 11 showed positive anti-tumor activities.</p>

Toxicokinetic study of a sea anemone toxin in mice after intraperitoneal injection

One of the two low molecular weight [200-300 Dalton] toxins extracted from sea anemone, Gyrostoma helianthus, from the vicinity of Hurgada, Red Sea, Egypt was subjected to a toxicokinetic study. The concentration-time profile of the acetylcholine esterase [AchE] inhibitor sea anemone toxin was characterized using 20g male mice injected with 10 mg toxin as a single dose. Serum and five tissues were collected at 8 interval points [5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes]. The toxin was extracted from these biological matrixes by acetonitrile. The Gyrostoma helianthus toxin showed short action as the half-life values vary from 4.5 to 27.5 min .The maximum time [tmax] was 30 min in serum and in all tissues except the heart which peaked at 45 min. The sea anemone toxin also showed first order kinetic

Microscopic identification of homonym drugs of "Baitouweng" by digital imaging technique / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To identify the commercial drugs collected from 11 different areas with name of "Baitouweng", in order to understand the homonym status of Baitouweng in markets.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on macroscopic identification, we further studied the microscopic structures of the collected samples by digital imaging technique.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Nine species belong to 4 different families have been found out from the commercial drugs of "Baitouweng". There are the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel (recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia with name "Baitouweng"), P. cernua (Thunb.) Bercht et Opiz, P. turczaninovii Kryl. et Serg., P. dahurica (Fisch.) Spreng., Anemone tomentosa (Maxim.) Pei, Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC. and the herbs of Potentilla chinensis Ser., Po. discolor Beg. and Polycarpaea corymbosa Lam..</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The original plants of the crude drug "Baitouweng" were still promiscuous in the market because there are different medicinal usages in different areas resulting in the phenomenon of homonym for Baitouweng. Otherwise, the digital photographs offered by the paper visually reflected the main microscopic characteristics of the commercial "Baitouweng", can be used for the identification of the above drugs.</p>

Study on chemical constituents of rhizome of Anemone raddeana / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the chemical constituents of the rhizome of Anemone raddeana Regel, so as to find new active compounds.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The ethanol extracts of the rhizome of Anemone raddeana were obtained by silica column, HPLC. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by means of physico-chemical method and spectral analysis (IR, FAB-MS, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, DEPT, 1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Nine compounds were isolated and identified as 27-hydroxyolean-12(13)-en-28-oic acid-3-0-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (1), eleutheroside K (2), Oleanolic acid-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D- glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)]-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (3), betulin (4), betulic acid (5), acetyloleamolic acid (6), evonymitol (7), oleamolic acid (8) and diosgenin (9).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compound 1 is a new compound, named raddeanoside 12. Compounds 3-7 were isolated from this plant for the first time.</p>